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1 decisive character
Общая лексика: решительный человек -
2 decisive character
noteikts raksturs -
3 decisive
[dɪ'saɪsɪv]1) (firm) [manner, tone] deciso, fermo, risoluto2) (conclusive) [battle, factor] decisivo, determinante; [ argument] conclusivo* * *1) (final; putting an end to a contest, dispute etc: The battle was decisive.) decisivo2) (showing decision and firmness: He's very decisive.) deciso•- decisively* * *decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/a.1 decisivo; determinante: a decisive argument [factor], un argomento [fattore] decisivo; a decisive battle [victory, defeat], una battaglia [vittoria, sconfitta] decisiva; to play a decisive role in st., avere un ruolo decisivo in qc.2 deciso; risoluto: a decisive character, un carattere deciso; She's not very decisive, non è molto risoluta; to take decisive action, agire in modo risolutodecisivelyavv.2 fermamente; risolutamentedecisivenessn. [u]1 l'essere decisivo; importanza decisiva2 fermezza; risolutezza.* * *[dɪ'saɪsɪv]1) (firm) [manner, tone] deciso, fermo, risoluto2) (conclusive) [battle, factor] decisivo, determinante; [ argument] conclusivo -
4 decisive
/di'saisiv/ * tính từ - quyết định =a decisive factor+ nhân số quyết định =a decisive battle+ trận đánh quyết định - kiên quyết, quả quyết, dứt khoát =decisive character+ tính kiên quyết =to reply by a decisive "no"+ trả lời dứt khoát không =a decisive answer+ câu trả lời dứt khoát -
5 character
§ ხასიათი, თვისება, რეპუტაცია, სახელი, აზრი, გამოძახილი, ხელი (წერაში), ასო, შრიფტი, პიროვნება§1 ხასიათიstrong / week / fine character მაგარი / სუსტი / შესანიშნავი ხასიათი2 პიროვნრბა, ტიპიhe is a bad character ცუდი ტიპია / პიროვნებაა3 ლიტერატურული ნაწარმოების პერსონაჟიthe characters in Dickens’ novels დიკენსის პერსონაჟები4 რეპუტაცია, სახელი5 ბუნება, თვისება, სახეwhat’s the character of your work? რა სახის სამუშაო გაქვს?the character of our climate ჩვენი ჰავის / კლიმატის თავისებურებაwhat’s the character of the soil here? აქ რა თვისებების მქონე ნიადაგია?6 დახასიათება (წერილობითი)●●he has a limp character უნებისყოფო / რბილი კაცია●●he has a level character დინჯი / მშვიდი / გაწონასწორებული ხასიათი აქვსa severe reprimand / character / punishment მკაცრი საყვედური / ხასიათი / სასჯელი●●settled character დინჯი / მშვიდი / გაწონასწორებული ხასიათიa man of vehement character მგზნებარე/ფიცხი ხასიათის კაციthe formation of character / government ხასიათის ჩამოყალიბება // მთავრობის შექმნაa dubious character / compliment საეჭვო პიროვნება /კომპლიმენტიa decisive character გაბედული / შეუპოვარი ხასიათიhe debased his character / reputation სახელი გაიტეხაher character is graced with many virtues იგი ბევრი სათნო თვისებითაა შემკული -
6 decisive
1 გადამწყვეტი2 გაბედული, შეუპოვარიa decisive character გაბედული / შეუპოვარი ხასიათი -
7 decisive
[dıʹsaısıv] a1. окончательный, решающий; убедительныйdecisive judgement [answer] - окончательное решение [-ый ответ]
decisive victory - полная /решающая/ победа
decisive vote /ballot/ [battle] - решающее голосование [сражение]
decisive attack - воен. решительное наступление; главный удар
decisive direction - воен. направление главного удара
this was decisive in defeating the opponent - это сыграло решающую роль в разгроме противника
2. решительный, определённый, исполненный решимостиdecisive man /character/ - решительный человек
decisive action - решительные меры, решительные действия
decisive manner [tone] - решительные манеры [-ый тон]
3. явный, бесспорный, очевидный, несомненный; полныйdecisive leaning towards smth. - несомненная склонность к чему-л.
to clap one's hands with decisive approval - хлопать в ладоши в знак полного одобрения
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8 decisive
dɪˈsaɪsɪv прил.
1) а) решающий, имеющий решающее значение Syn: conclusive, determinative б) решенный, окончательный
2) твердый, решительный( о характере, человеке) Syn: unhesitating, resolute, determined
3) убедительный, не вызывающий сомнений (о фактах, уликах) a decisive superiority over the rivals ≈ убедительное превосходство над соперниками окончательный, решающий;
убедительный - * judgement окончательное решение - * victory полная /решающая/ победа - * evidence неопровержимые улики - * word последнее слово - * vote /ballot/ решающее голосование - * attack( военное) решительное наступление;
главный удар - * direction( военное) направление главного удара - this was * in defeating the opponent это сыграло решающую роль в разгроме противника - this incident was * of his fate этот случай определил его судьбу решительный, определенный, исполненный решимость - * man /character/ решительный человек - * action решительные меры, решительные действия - * manner решительные манеры явный, бесспорный, очевидный, несомненный;
полный - * superiority явное преимущество - * leaning towards smth. несомненная склонность к чему-л. - to clap one's hands with * approval хлопать в ладоши в знак полного одобрения decisive бесспорный ~ несомненный ~ окончательный ~ определенный ~ очевидный ~ решающий, имеющий решающее значение ~ решающий ~ решительный (о характере, человеке) ~ решительный ~ убедительный (о фактах, уликах) ~ убедительный ~ явныйБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > decisive
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9 determine
1. transitive verb1) (decide) beschließen2) (make decide) veranlassendetermine somebody to do something — jemanden dazu veranlassen, etwas zu tun
3) (be a decisive factor for) bestimmen2. intransitive verbdetermine on doing something — beschließen, etwas zu tun
* * *[di'tə:min]1) (to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.) bestimmen2) (to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.) feststellen•- academic.ru/19984/determination">determination- determined* * *de·ter·mine[dɪˈtɜ:mɪn, AM -ˈtɜ:r-]vt1. (decide)▪ to \determine sth etw entscheiden▪ to \determine that... beschließen, dass...2. (find out)▪ to \determine when/where/who/why... herausfinden, wann/wo/wer/warum...3. (influence)▪ to \determine sth etw bestimmenit will be \determined by how much money is available es wird davon abhängen, wie viel Geld uns zur Verfügung stehtgenetically \determined genetisch festgelegt▪ to \determine sb to do sth jdn veranlassen, etw zu tun* * *[dI'tɜːmɪn]vt1) (= be a decisive factor in) sb's character, future etc bestimmen, determinieren2) (= settle, fix) conditions, price festlegen, festsetzen3) (= ascertain) cause, nature, position ermitteln, bestimmen4) (= resolve) beschließen* * *A v/t1. eine Streitfrage etc entscheiden3. etwas feststellen, ermitteln, bestimmen4. bedingen, bestimmen, maßgebend sein für:to do zu tun)7. Logik: determinieren, bestimmenB v/i1. (on) sich entscheiden (für), sich entschließen (zu):determine on doing sth sich dazu entschließen, etwas zu tun* * *1. transitive verb1) (decide) beschließen2) (make decide) veranlassendetermine somebody to do something — jemanden dazu veranlassen, etwas zu tun
3) (be a decisive factor for) bestimmen4) (ascertain, define) feststellen; bestimmen2. intransitive verbdetermine on doing something — beschließen, etwas zu tun
* * *v.beenden v.beschließen v.bestimmen v.entscheiden v.eruieren v.festlegen v.feststellen v.untersuchen v. -
10 evidence
1) средство или средства доказывания; доказательство, доказательства; подтверждение; улика | служить доказательством, подтверждать, доказывать2) свидетельское показание, свидетельские показания | свидетельствовать, давать показания3) дача показаний, представление или исследование доказательств ( как стадия судебного процесса); доказывание4) свидетель•admissible in evidence — допустимый в качестве доказательства;
evidence admissible in chief — доказательства или показания, допустимые при главном допросе;
evidence aliunde — внешнее доказательство, лежащее вне документа доказательство;
evidence at law — судебные доказательства;
evidence before trial — показания, данные или доказательства, представленные до начала судебного процесса;
evidence by affidavit — показания в форме аффидевита;
failure to give evidence — непредставление доказательств; невозможность дать показания; отказ от дачи показаний;
evidence for the defence — 1. доказательства защиты 2. показания свидетелей защиты;
evidence for the defendant — доказательства в пользу ответчика, подсудимого;
evidence for the plaintiff — доказательства в пользу истца;
evidence for the prosecution — 1. доказательства обвинения, улики 2. показания свидетелей обвинения;
evidence implicating the accused — доказательства, дающие основание полагать, что преступление совершено обвиняемым;
in evidence — в доказательство, в качестве доказательства;
evidence in corroboration — доказательство в подтверждение других доказательств;
evidence in cross-examination — свидетельские показания или доказательства, полученные при перекрёстном допросе ( стороной свидетеля противной стороны);
evidence in disproof — показания или доказательства в опровержение;
evidence in question — 1. оспариваемое доказательство 2. исследуемое и оцениваемое доказательство;
evidence in rebuttal — доказательство или показание в опровержение;
evidence in support of the opposition — пат. обоснование протеста, мотивированный протест;
evidence in the case — доказательства или показания по делу;
evidence is out — доказательства исчерпаны;
item in evidence — предмет, представленный в качестве доказательства;
evidence material to the case — доказательство, имеющее существенное значение для дела;
evidence on appeal — показания, доказательства по апелляции;
evidence on commission — показания по поручению;
evidence on hearing — доказательство на рассмотрении суда;
evidence on oath — показания под присягой;
on the evidence — на основании данных показаний или представленных доказательств;
evidence par excellence — лучшее доказательство;
piece of evidence — часть доказательственного материала; отдельное доказательство;
evidence relevant to credibility — доказательство, относящиеся к надёжности свидетеля, достоверности его показаний;
evidence relevant to weight — доказательства, относящиеся к убедительности других доказательств;
evidence sufficient to sustain the case — доказательства, достаточные для поддержания ( данной) версии;
to adduce evidence — представить доказательство;
to admit evidence — допустить доказательство;
to admit in evidence — допустить в качестве доказательства;
to appear in evidence — вытекать из представленных доказательств;
to become Commonwealth's [Crown's, government's, King's, People's, Queen's, State's] evidence — стать свидетелем обвинения, перейти на сторону обвинения, дав показания против сообвиняемого;
to call (for) evidence — истребовать доказательства;
to compare evidence — 1. сопоставить доказательства, показания 2. произвести очную ставку;
evidence to contradict — контрдоказательство; контрпоказание;
to develop evidence — представить доказательства;
to exaggerate evidence — преувеличить силу доказательства;
to fabricate evidence — сфабриковать доказательства;
to give evidence — 1. давать показания 2. представить доказательства;
to give in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to give evidence under compulsion — давать показания по принуждению;
to introduce evidence — представить доказательства;
to introduce in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to lead evidence — 1. заслушивать, отбирать показания 2. принимать доказательства;
evidence to meet — доказательство в поддержку, поддерживающее доказательство;
to offer evidence — представить доказательства;
to offer in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to prepare evidence — 1. сфабриковать доказательства 2. подготовиться к даче показаний;
to prepare false evidence — сфабриковать ложные доказательства;
to produce evidence — представить доказательства;
to put in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to read into evidence — зачитывать текст в доказательство правильности или неправильности его содержания;
evidence to rebut — доказательство в опровержение, опровергающее доказательство;
to receive evidence — 1. получить, отобрать показания 2. принять доказательства;
to receive in evidence — принять в качестве доказательства;
to review evidence — рассмотреть или пересмотреть доказательства;
to search for evidence — искать доказательства;
to sift evidence — тщательно исследовать, анализировать доказательства или показания;
to suppress evidence — скрыть доказательства;
to take evidence — 1. отобрать показания 2. принять доказательства;
to tender evidence — представить доказательства;
to tender in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
evidence to the contrary — доказательство противного;
to weigh evidence — оценить доказательства;
to withhold evidence — воздержаться, отказаться от дачи показаний или от представления доказательств;
- evidence of arrestevidence wrongfully obtained — доказательства, показания, полученные с нарушением закона
- evidence of blood grouping tests
- evidence of character
- evidence of confession
- evidence of credibility
- evidence of crime
- evidence of debt
- evidence of disposition
- evidence of fact
- evidence of guilt
- evidence of identification
- evidence of identity
- evidence of indebtedness
- evidence of opportunity
- evidence of practice
- evidence of reputation
- evidence of title
- acceptable evidence
- actual evidence
- additional evidence
- adduced evidence
- adequate evidence
- adminicular evidence
- admissible evidence
- admitted evidence
- adversary evidence
- affirmative evidence
- affirmative rebuttal evidence
- after-discovered evidence
- ample evidence
- ascertaining evidence
- autoptical evidence
- auxiliary evidence
- available evidence
- ballistics evidence
- ballistic evidence
- best evidence
- better evidence
- biological evidence
- casual evidence
- character evidence
- character-witness evidence
- circumstantial evidence
- civil evidence
- clear evidence
- closed evidence
- cogent evidence
- collateral evidence
- Commonwealth's evidence
- competent evidence
- completing evidence
- conclusive evidence
- concocted evidence
- concomittant evidence
- confirmatory evidence
- conflicting evidence
- consistent evidence
- contradicting evidence
- contrary evidence
- contributing evidence
- controverted evidence
- controvertible evidence
- convincing evidence
- copy evidence
- corroborated evidence
- corroborating evidence
- counteracting evidence
- counter evidence
- credible evidence
- criminal evidence
- criminating evidence
- Crown's evidence
- culpatory evidence
- cumulative evidence
- damaging evidence
- damning evidence
- decisive evidence
- demeanor evidence
- demonstrative evidence
- derivative evidence
- direct evidence
- disproving evidence
- doctored evidence
- documentary evidence
- empirical evidence
- entered evidence
- exact evidence
- excluded evidence
- exculpatory evidence
- expert evidence
- expert opinion evidence
- explaining evidence
- external evidence
- extrajudicial evidence
- extraneous evidence
- extrinsic evidence
- fabricated evidence
- false evidence
- final evidence
- fingerprint evidence
- firm evidence
- first hand evidence
- footprint evidence
- foundation evidence
- fragmentary evidence
- fresh evidence
- further evidence
- government's evidence
- habit evidence
- hard evidence
- hearsay evidence
- higher evidence
- identification evidence
- identifying evidence
- illegally obtained evidence
- illustrative evidence
- immaterial evidence
- immunized evidence
- impeaching evidence
- implicating evidence
- impugned evidence
- inadequate evidence
- inadmissible evidence
- incompetent evidence
- inconclusive evidence
- inconsistent evidence
- incontroverted evidence
- incontrovertible evidence
- incriminating evidence
- inculpatory evidence
- independent evidence
- indicative evidence
- indirect evidence
- indispensable evidence
- indubitable evidence
- inferential evidence
- inferior evidence
- insufficient evidence
- insufficient evidence for the defence
- internal evidence
- introduced evidence
- irrefutable evidence
- irrelevant evidence
- judicial evidence
- King's evidence
- legal evidence
- legally obtained evidence
- legitimate evidence
- manufactured evidence
- material evidence
- mathematical evidence
- moral evidence
- negative evidence
- negative rebuttal evidence
- newly-discovered evidence
- nonexculpatory evidence
- notarial evidence
- obtainable evidence
- obtained evidence
- offered evidence
- official evidence
- opinion evidence
- opinion evidence of character
- opposing evidence
- oral evidence
- original evidence
- out-of-court evidence
- overwhelming evidence
- parol evidence
- partial evidence
- pedigree evidence
- People's evidence
- perjured evidence
- persuasive evidence
- physical evidence
- police evidence
- positive evidence
- possible evidence
- preappointed evidence
- predominant evidence
- preferable evidence
- prejudicial evidence
- presuming evidence
- presumptive evidence
- prevailing evidence
- prima facie evidence
- primary evidence
- probable evidence
- proffered evidence
- proper evidence
- prosecution evidence
- prospectant evidence
- proving evidence
- pure expert opinion evidence
- Queen's evidence
- radar evidence of speed
- radar evidence
- real evidence
- reasonable evidence
- rebuttal evidence
- rebutted evidence
- rebutting evidence
- receivable evidence
- received evidence
- recognized evidence
- recollection evidence
- record evidence
- recorded evidence
- record evidence of title
- related evidence
- relevant evidence
- repelling evidence
- reputation evidence of character
- requisite evidence
- retrospectant evidence
- routine practice evidence
- satisfactory evidence
- scientific evidence
- secondary evidence
- second hand evidence
- shaken evidence
- significant evidence
- similar evidence
- slimmer evidence
- slim evidence
- solid evidence
- spoken evidence
- state's evidence
- strengthening evidence
- strong evidence
- stronger evidence
- strongest available evidence
- substantial evidence
- substantive evidence
- substitutionary evidence
- sufficient evidence
- supplementary evidence
- supporting evidence
- suspect evidence
- sworn evidence
- tainted evidence
- tendered evidence
- testimonial evidence
- trace evidence
- traditionary evidence
- uncontradicted evidence
- uncorroborated evidence
- unfavourable evidence
- unshaken evidence
- unsworn evidence
- untainted evidence
- verbal evidence
- visible evidence
- visual evidence
- vital evidence
- volunteer evidence
- weak evidence
- weaker evidence
- wiretap information evidence
- wiretap evidence
- written evidence
- evidence of criminality
- confirming evidence
- corroborative evidence
- explanatory evidence
- intrinsic evidence
- prime evidence -
11 tone
[təun] 1. сущ.1) звук, тонdulcet / sweet tone — нежный, сладкий звук
heart tones мед. — тоны сердца
Instruments and voices are distinguished by the sweetness of their individual tones. (Bain) — Инструменты и голоса различаются по степени приятности присущих им звуков.
2) муз. тон ( интервал)He tried the tone of humility; he tried that of audacity. (Jas. Mill) — Он пробовал говорить смиренным тоном, он пробовал говорить дерзко.
Syn:4) манера выражаться, манера говоритьapologetic tone — виноватый, примирительный тон
arrogant tone — надменный, высокомерный тон
businesslike tone — деловой, деловитый тон
condescending / patronizing tone — снисходительный, покровительственный тон
firm tone — решительный, настойчивый тон
in a tone — каким-л. тоном
5)а) лингв. музыкальное, тоновое ударениеб) ударный слог6)а) тон, вид, стиль, характерTheir tone was friendly. — Они вели себя дружелюбно.
Don't take that tone with me. — Не веди себя так со мной.
Syn:б) общая атмосфера, обстановка, ощущение, тон; настроениеThese hardy exercises produce also a healthful tone of mind and spirits. (W. Irving) — Эти закаливающие упражнения также способствуют оздоровлению ума и духа.
The tone of the market is dull. — Настроение рынка вялое.
Syn:mood I, disposition7) иск. тон, оттенок; градация тоновSyn:8) мед. тонус; энергия, силаbusy / engaged tone — тональный сигнал занятости
2. гл.Please, leave a message after the tone. — Пожалуйста, говорите после сигнала.
1)а) придавать желательный тон, оттенок ( звуку или краске)б) изменять (тон, цвет)•Syn:mellow 2.2) муз.Pianos are toned. — Фортепиано настроены.
б) модулировать голос; произносить нараспевHe sang or toned his verses. — Он или пел, или произносил нараспев свои стихи.
Syn:3) ( tone with) = tone in гармонировать, идти, быть в тон (с чем-л.)Her hat tones with the dress. — Её шляпка подобрана в тон платью.
4) усиливать, укреплять, придавать тонусSyn:•- tone up -
12 critical
1. a решающий, переломный; критический2. a важный, ценный3. a лит. критический, относящийся к критике литературы и искусства4. a опасный, критический; угрожающийcritical defect — опасный дефект; критическая неисправность
5. a осуждающий, критикующий; разборчивый, требовательный6. a амер. дефицитный; крайне необходимый; нормируемый7. a спец. критический, граничныйСинонимический ряд:1. analytical (adj.) analytical; discriminating; judging2. dangerous (adj.) dangerous; hazardous; perilous; precarious; risky; suspenseful; ticklish3. faultfinding (adj.) captious; carping; caviling; cavilling; cavillous; censorious; critic; derogatory; disparaging; faultfinding; finicky; hypercritical; overcritical; picky; strict; trenchant4. important (adj.) acute; climacteric; crucial; deciding; decisive; desperate; determining; dire; discerning; grave; great; grievous; important; momentous; penetrating; pivotal; serious; strategic5. precise (adj.) delicate; discriminate; exact; fastidious; judicial; minute; particular; preciseАнтонимический ряд:complimentary; easy; inexact; insignificant; loose; popular; safe; shallow; superficial; trivial; unimportant -
13 decided
1. a определённый, окончательный; решённый2. a решительный, не знающий колебанийvery decided character — человек, не знающий сомнений; решительный человек
to speak in a decided voice — говорить тоном, не допускающим возражений
3. a бесспорный, определённый, явный, несомненныйСинонимический ряд:1. certain (adj.) absolute; assured; certain; clear; clear-cut; definite; distinct; emphatic; pronounced; unquestionable2. determined (adj.) bent; decisive; destined; determined; fated; firm; fixed; intent; resolute; resolved; set; settled; unhesitating3. express (adj.) categorical; explicit; express; positive; precise; specific; unambiguous; unequivocal4. ruled (verb) arbitrated; concluded; decided; determined; figured; judged; refereed; resolved; ruled; settled; umpiredАнтонимический ряд:hesitant; indefinite; irresolute; undecided -
14 weak
1. a слабый; бессильный; хилый, хрупкийweak in intellect — умственно неполноценный; придурковатый
2. a безвольный, нерешительный; неустойчивыйweak will — слабоволие, безволие
3. a неубедительный, неосновательный, шаткийweak excuse — плохое оправдание, неубедительная отговорка
4. a жидкий, водянистый; некрепкий5. a спец. бедный6. a неэффективный, неавторитетный, несильный7. a неспособный8. a невыразительный, бедный9. a эк. понижающийся; вялый, бездеятельный, со снижающимися ценами10. a ослабленный, редуцированный11. a слабый, второстепенныйweak impression of typing — слабая печать; непропечатка
12. a тех. непрочный, низкой прочности; неустойчивый13. a фото бледныйСинонимический ряд:1. assailable (adj.) assailable; exposed; vulnerable2. boneless (adj.) boneless; emasculate; forceless; helpless; impotent; impuissant; inadequate; indecisive; ineffective; ineffectual; inefficient; invertebrate; powerless; slack-spined; spineless; wan3. deficient (adj.) deficient; insufficient; lacking; short; wanting4. dickey (adj.) dickey; fluctuant; fluctuating; insecure; irresolute; rootless; shaky; tottery; undecided; unstable; unsteady; unsure; vacillating; wavering; wobbly5. dilute (adj.) cut; dilute; diluted; thin; washy; watered-down; waterish; watery6. feeble (adj.) decrepit; feeble; infirm; insubstantial; puny; sickly; unhealthy; unsound; unwell; weakly7. flimsy (adj.) faint; flimsy; muted; poor; rickety; slender; slim; trifling; trivial; unsubstantial8. fragile (adj.) breakable; dainty; delicate; exquisite; fine; fragile; frail; slight9. implausible (adj.) implausible; improbable; inconceivable; incredible; thick; unbelievable; unconceivable10. languid (adj.) languid; listless; sluggish11. simple (adj.) foolish; senseless; silly; simple; stupid; unintelligent12. vague (adj.) illogical; inconclusive; lame; unconvincing; unsatisfactory; vagueАнтонимический ряд:adhesive; animated; athletic; brawny; cogent; compact; courageous; decided; decisive; determined; dynamic; efficient; energetic; forceful; hard; potent; powerful; robust; secure; strong; sturdy; vigorous -
15 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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